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It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children. The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer —a album from the German rock band Scorpions —features a picture of the album’s original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl.
The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December , access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation IWF decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article’s URL to a “blacklist” it supplies to British internet service providers.
In April , Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law.
If we did, we would remove it. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a “private citizen” rather than a ” public figure ” in the eyes of the law. A particular problem occurs in the case of a relatively unimportant individual and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes.
In January , a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic , aka “Tron”, a deceased hacker. On February 9, , the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron’s right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated. Wikipedia has a ” Volunteer Response Team ” that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS [] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties.
This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project. Wikipedia was described in as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment. The perceived toxic attitudes and tolerance of violent and abusive language were reasons put forth in for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship.
Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women’s topics. A comprehensive survey, published in , by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University ‘s College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in: confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback.
Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks. The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.
Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the “superprotection” feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June Maher stated regarding the harassment issue that: “It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority Maher served as executive director until April Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates.
These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed [] to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch.
Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. According to Andrew Lih , the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.
Wikipedia receives between 25, and 60,page requests per second, depending on the time of the day. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia.
To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. Following growing amounts of incoming donations exceeding seven digits in as recently reported, [50] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.
Community-produced news publications include the English Wikipedia ‘s The Signpost , founded in by Michael Snow, an attorney, Wikipedia administrator, and former chair of the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees.
There are also several publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as Wikimedia Diff and This Month in Education. The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications , so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.
When the project was started in , all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License GFDL , a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. In December , the Creative Commons license was released: it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals.
The license gained popularity among bloggers and others distributing creative works on the Web. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. In April , Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June The handling of media files e.
Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries e. Media files covered by free content licenses e. Wikipedia’s accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.
Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge.
The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website. Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public.
According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation , the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk , with an accuracy of 55 percent. Wikipedia’s original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the “worry” is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.
Bloomberg Businessweek reported in July that Google’s Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments for with Directly after the posted web interview, the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be applying an all-inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access, including BlackBerry and the Windows Phone system, making market share a secondary issue.
In June Wikipedia launched en. In a newer mobile service was officially released, [] located at en. Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata , such as geoinformation.
Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries. Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors.
The number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.
Lih fears for Wikipedia’s long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it. Access to the Chinese Wikipedia has been blocked in mainland China since May In , Quartz reported that the Chinese government had begun creating an unofficial version of Wikipedia.
However, unlike Wikipedia, the website’s contents would only be editable by scholars from state-owned Chinese institutions. The article stated it had been approved by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China in In —18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. Noam Cohen , writing in The Washington Post states, “YouTube’s reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out ‘ fake news ‘.
In February , The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating “With 18 billion page views and nearly million unique visitors a month, Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1. In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, [] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in According to “Wikipedia Readership Survey “, the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders.
Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization. During the COVID pandemic , Wikipedia’s coverage of the pandemic received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall. Wikipedia’s content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.
Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism, [] [] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia. In , Time magazine recognized Wikipedia’s participation along with YouTube , Reddit , MySpace , and Facebook [] in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.
In July , Wikipedia was the focus of a minute documentary on BBC Radio 4 [] which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the word is one of a select group of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar Google , Facebook , YouTube that they no longer need explanation.
On September 28, , Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, “the seventh most consulted website”, to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.
On September 16, , The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the US election campaign , saying: “Type a candidate’s name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day. Active participation also has an impact. Law students have been assigned to write Wikipedia articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an uninitiated audience.
A working group led by Peter Stone formed as a part of the Stanford -based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence in its report called Wikipedia “the best-known example of crowdsourcing In a opinion piece for Wired , Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as “one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web ” and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services , the latter having “since colonized the web for television’s values”.
For Derakhshan, Wikipedia’s goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers “endangered” due to the “gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment”.
Rather than ” sapere aude ” lit. This is while Wikipedia faces “a more concerning problem” than funding, namely “a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website”. Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to “save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know.
Wikipedia won two major awards in May The second was a Judges’ Webby Award for the “community” category. In , readers of brandchannel. The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger. In , Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize , which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, [] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation.
Many parodies target Wikipedia’s openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project’s articles. Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality , meaning “together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on”. In an April episode of the American television comedy The Office , office manager Michael Scott is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.
In , the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named “Professor Wikipedia”, in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements. The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, , features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying “Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia.
Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles. On August 23, , the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: “Dammit, Manning , have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page? In December , John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia “at least a dozen times a day”, and had never yet caught it out.
He described it as “a work of reference as useful as any in existence”, with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it. Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation. These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary , a dictionary project launched in December , [] Wikiquote , a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, Wikibooks , a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, Wikimedia Commons , a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, Wikinews , for citizen journalism, and Wikiversity , a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.
In Wikivoyage , an editable travel guide, and Wikidata , an editable knowledge base, launched. The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially the printed versions, e.
Carr wrote: “Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2. I for one can’t imagine anything more frightening. For instance, Chris Anderson , the editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine , wrote in Nature that the ” wisdom of crowds ” approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals , with their rigorous peer review process.
There is also an ongoing debate about the influence of Wikipedia on the biography publishing business. Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics , information retrieval and natural language processing. In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called “wikification”, [] and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation.
A MIT study suggests that words used on Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications. Studies related to Wikipedia have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence to support various operations.
One of the most important areas—automatic detection of vandalism [] [] and data quality assessment in Wikipedia. In February , civil servants from the UK’s Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities were found to have used Wikipedia for research in the drafting of the Levelling Up White Paper after journalists at The Independent noted that parts of the document had been lifted directly from Wikipedia articles on Constantinople and the list of largest cities throughout history.
Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links , with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK.
The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia e.
Everything2 , [] with many later being merged into the project e. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional peer review , such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium.
The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia. See also: Logic machines in fiction and List of fictional computers. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Free multilingual online encyclopedia. This article is about the online encyclopedia. For Wikipedia’s home page, see Main Page.
For other uses, see Wikipedia disambiguation. The logo of Wikipedia , a globe featuring glyphs from various writing systems. Wikipedia’s desktop homepage. Wikimedia Foundation. Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger [1]. Main article: History of Wikipedia. Main article: Nupedia. Wikipedia founders Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger. Number of English Wikipedia articles [32].
Main article: Vandalism on Wikipedia. For the Wikipedia policy, see Wikipedia:Five pillars. Further information: Wikipedia:Administration. Main article: Arbitration Committee. Main article: Wikipedia community. Main article: List of Wikipedias.
Cebuano German 4. Swedish 4. French 4. Dutch 3. Russian 3. Egyptian Arabic 2. Polish 2. Japanese 2. Chinese 2. Vietnamese 2. Waray 2. Other English 6,, Cebuano 6,, German 2,, Swedish 2,, French 2,, Dutch 2,, Russian 1,, Spanish 1,, Italian 1,, Egyptian Arabic 1,, Polish 1,, Japanese 1,, Chinese 1,, Vietnamese 1,, Waray 1,, Ukrainian 1,, Arabic 1,, Portuguese 1,, Persian , Catalan , See also: Academic studies about Wikipedia and Criticism of Wikipedia. This section needs to be updated.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. March Main article: Reliability of Wikipedia. December See also: Health information on Wikipedia. For the government censorship of Wikipedia, see Censorship of Wikipedia.
For Wikipedia’s policy concerning censorship, see Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not censored. Main article: Gender bias on Wikipedia. Main article: Racial bias on Wikipedia. Main article: Wikimedia Foundation. See also: MediaWiki. Main article: Wikipedia bots. See also: Help:Mobile access. Main article: Wikipedia in culture. See also: Category:Parodies of Wikipedia. Main article: Wikimedia project. Main category: Wikipedia.
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Archived from the original on January 10, The Independent. Retrieved April 5, MIT Technology Review. Retrieved November 30, The Atlantic. July 16, New York Magazine, issue of November 25, , p. May 5, Retrieved November 26, February 17, Archived from the original on March 19, Retrieved March 26, Alexa Internet. Retrieved October 1, Retrieved March 8, S2CID January 30, Retrieved February 9, Los Angeles Times.
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Retrieved December 5, It’s time to start covering it better”. Columbia Journalism Review. New York City. Retrieved January 15, December 14, Wikide-l Mailing list in German. Retrieved February 15, Business Insider. Retrieved August 21, Linux Magazine. Archived from the original PDF on September 25, Retrieved July 13, The Wikipedia’s open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves.
First Monday. Archived from the original on December 6, Retrieved November 6, Archived from the original PDF on January 25, Retrieved January 24, CiteSeerX Archived from the original PDF on October 25, This app may collect these data types Location, Personal info and 2 others. Data is encrypted in transit.
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